Scented Geraniums or Pelargoniums

Scented Geraniums or Pelargoniums

by James K. Sayre

What are commonly called "Scented Geraniums" are actually members of the Pelargonium genus, which is in the Geranium family (Geraniaceae). Pelargoniums are closely related to true Geraniums, which are in the Geranium genus and are the namesake for the Geranium family. I guess that the term "Pelargonium" was considered too obscure or too hard to pronounce for the average gardener or indoor plant fancier, and so the more familiar term, "Scented Geranium" was adopted early on.

The first Pelargoniums that were introduced to Europe hundreds of years ago came from the lands of South Africa. Cultivated Pelargoniums has scented leaves and their scents cover a wide range, from rose and citrus to pine and spicy. Over the world there are over two hundred species of the genus Pelargonium. Cultivated Pelargoniums are usually frost-tender evergreen plants that have evolved in the Mediterranean climate of southern Africa, southern Australia, northern New Zealand. Other Pelargoniums are native to southern Madagascar, eastern Africa, Yemen, Asia Minor and two very isolated islands in the south Atlantic ocean: St. Helena and Tristan da Cunha [Miller]. Most of the Pelargoniums that are cultivated in Europe and North America have their origins in South Africa.

Pelargoniums are grown outdoors in warmer climates, such as those rated in USDA hardinss zones 10 and 11 in North America. In colder climates, Pelargoniums are typically grown in pots outdoors in the late spring, summer and early fall and brought indoors to avoid freezing temperatures in late autumn, winter and early spring.

There is wide spread disagreement among botanists, horticulturalists and gardeners as to which Pelargoniums are true species, cultivars, hybrids or what have you. The botanical scientific names, the common names, the nursery names and the folknames have all changed since the first Pelargoniums were introduced into England and Europe some three hundred years ago in the seventeenth century.

Below is a list of the commonly individual species of Scented Geraniums (Pelargonium spp.) that are commonly found in cultivation. Following the list of cultivated species is a list of common cultivars (cultivated varieties) and hybrids.

Individual species of cultivated Scented Geraniums (Pelargonium species):

Geranium, Almond - Pelargonium quercifolium - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, almond Middle English almande, Old French alemande, amande, Medieval Latin amandola, Latin amygdala, Greek amygdale, amugdale, almond, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This evergreen perennial plant grows to about five feet high. It has lobed and cut dark green leaves that have an almond or incense scent..In the summer bears clusters of small rose-to-violet flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. Naturalized in some coastal areas of California. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America.Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: Oak-leaf Pelargonium, Oak-leaved Geranium, Royal Oak Geranium.

Geranium, Apple - Pelargonium odoratissimum - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, apple Middle English appel Old English æppel, fruit, apple, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about two feet high. It has lobed heart-shaped apple-scentedgray-green leaves and bears clusters of small white flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to tropical Africa. At least one cultivar exists. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other names:Apple-scented Pelargonium, Nutmeg Geranium.

Geranium, Coconut - Pelargonium grossalarioides (Pelargonium parriflorum) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, coco Spanish coco, "grinning face" (referring to the three eyes), Portuguese co-cos, (monkey) or coco, (goblin), Latin coccum, a seed, kernel, Greek kokkos, a berry + nut Middle English nutte, nute, note, Old English hnutu, compare: Old Norse hnot, Old High German nuz, Old Irish enu, Welsh eneuen, Dutch noot, German nuss, Latin nux, nucis, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This evergreen perennial plant grows to about six inches high. It has rounded lobed toothed coconut-scented leaves. In the spring and summer it bears clusters of small magenta star-shaped flowers.Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. Naturalized in some coastal areas of California. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: -

Geranium, Lemon - Pelargonium crispum - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about three feet high. It has very tiny lobed curled toothed fan-shaped lemon-scented leaves.In the spring, summer and fall it bears clusters of small pink-to-violet flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Traditional folk use of leaves as a remedy for various ailments. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. At least three cultivars exist. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: Finger Bowl Pelargonium, Lemon-scented Pelargonium.

Geranium, Nutmeg - Pelargonium fragrans ( Pelargonium x fragrans) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, nutmeg Middle English notemygge, nutemuge, Old French nois muguet, Provencal noiz muscae, literally, "musky nut," Vulgar Latin nuce muscata, "musky nut," Latin nux, nut + Late Latin muscus, musk, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about one foot high. It has three-lobed heart-shaped gray-green gray-green leaves of nutmeg-piney scent. It bears trailing clusters of small whitish flowers with pink veins. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. At least one cultivar exists. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 8-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: Nutmeg-scented Pelargonium.

Geranium, Peppermint - Pelargonium tomentosum - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, peppermint Middle English peper, Old English pipor, Latin piper, Greek piperi, Sanskrit pippali, berry, peppercorn + mint Middle English minte, mynte, Old English minte, Latin menta, mentha, Greek mintha, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about two feet high. It has lobed heart-shaped peppermint-scented gray-green leaves and bears clusters of small fluffy whitish flowers with reddish centers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. At least two cultivars exist. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: Peppermint-scented Pelargonium, Woolly Geranium.

Geranium, Rose - Pelargonium graveolens (Pelargonium roseum) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, rose Middle English rose, Old English rose, Latin rosa, Greek rhodon, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial flowering plant is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about five feet high. It has lobed and deeply-cut gray-green leaves with a rose-mint scent. It bears clusters of small rose-pink flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers.Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Traditional folk use of leaves as a remedy for various ailments. Essential oil extracted from leaves and flowers is used commercially as a food flavoring and additive under the names geranium oil and rose geranium oil. This essential oil is rated as Generally Recognized as Safe by the US FDA for the small quantities that are added to foods. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Several cultivars exist. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America.. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other names: Geranium, Pelargonium, Rose Geranium, Rose-scented Geranium, Rose-scented Pelargonium, Scented Geranium.

Geranium, Rose - Pelargonium capitatum - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

This evergreen perennial plant grows to about three feet high and may trail outward several feet. It has hairy three-lobed crinkled rounded rose-scented leaves and in the summer bears clusters of small rose to pale purple flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Essential oil extracted from leaves and flowers is used commercially as a food flavoring and additive under the names geranium oil and rose geranium oil. This essential oil is rated as Generally Recognized as Safe by the US FDA for the small quantities that are added to foods. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other names: Attar of Rose Geranium, Rose-scented Pelargonium.

Geranium, Rose - Pelargonium radens - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

This evergreen perennial plant grows to about three feet high. It has deeply-cut triangular scented gray-green leaves and in the summer bears clusters of small pink-purple flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Essential oil extracted from leaves and flowers is used commercially as a food flavoring and additive under the names geranium oil and rose geranium oil. This essential oil is rated as Generally Recognized as Safe by the US FDA for the small quantities that are added to foods. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other names: Crow's Feet, Rose-scented Pelargonium, Skeleton Leaf Rose Geranium, Skeleton Rose Geranium.

Geranium, Scented - Pelargonium citronellum - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, scent Middle English sent, Middle Engish senten, to smell, scent, Old French sentir, Latin sentire, to feel + -ed, so named because its leaves are scented].

This evergreen perennial plant grows to about six feet high. It has lobed toothed and cut lemon-to-citrus-scented leaves and in the summer bears clusters of small purple-pink flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional European and South African folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: Mabel Grey Geranium.

Geranium, Southernwood - Pelargonium abrotanifolium - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, southernwood Middle English suthernewode, Old English sutherne wudu, possibly named for its original habitat in southern Europe; so named for the scent of its leaves, which resembles that of Southernwood, Artemisia abrotanum].

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about one foot high. It has finely-cut rounded southernwood-scented gray-green leaves. In the spring, summer and fall it bears clusters of small pink or white star-shaped flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America.Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: Southernwood-scented Pelargonium.

Pelargonium ionidiflorum - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: pelargonium Modern Latin pelargonium, Greek pelargo + nium, "stork's bill, from the shape of the fruit + Modern Latin ionidiflorum ].

This is a low-growing spreading evergreen perennial plant that only grows to about ___ foot high. It has scented deeply lobed elliptic-shaped gray-green leaves and in the summer bears spikes of small pink flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Thought by some to have celery-scented leaves.

Traditional European and South African folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to a dry region of South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other names: 'Fairy Cascade,' Scented Geranium.

Cultivars (cultivated varieties) and hybrids of Scented Geraniums (Pelargonium):

Geranium, 'Attar of Roses' - a cultivar of the Rose Geranium (Pelargonium capitatum) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, attar + of + rose Middle English rose, Old English rose, Latin rosa, Greek rhodon, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This cultivar is very close to the original Rose Geranium (Pelargonium capitatum) in shape, scent and flower color.

This evergreen perennial plant grows to about three feet high and may trail outward several feet. It has three-lobed crinkled rounded rose-scented leaves and in the summer bears clusters of small lavender flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: Rose Geranium.

Geranium, 'Crowfoot Rose' - a cultivar of the Rose Geranium (Pelargonium radens) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, crow + foot + rose Middle English rose, Old English rose, Latin rosa, Greek rhodon, so named for the shape and scent of its leaves].

This evergreen perennial plant grows to about three feet high. It has deeply-cut triangular velvety rose-to-lemon-rose-scented gray-green leaves and in the summer bears clusters of small lavender flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: Crow's Feet.

Geranium, 'Dr. Livingston' - a cultivar of the Rose Geranium (Pelargonium radens) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

This evergreen perennial plant grows to about three feet high. It has deeply-cut triangular rough rose-scented gray-green leaves and in the summer bears clusters of small pink-purple flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other names: Rose-scented Pelargonium, Skeleton Leaf Rose Geranium, Skeleton Rose Geranium.

Geranium, 'Grey Lady Plymouth' - a cultivar of the Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, grey + lady + plymouth ]. This is a cultivated variety the 'Lady Plymouth' cultivar which in turn is a cultivar of the Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial flowering plant is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about three feet high. It has cream-blotched deeply-divided finely-cut gray-green leaves with a rose-mint scent. It bears clusters of small lavender flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Several cultivars exist. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America.. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other names: Geranium, Pelargonium, Rose Geranium, Rose-scented Geranium, Rose-scented Pelargonium, Scented Geranium.

Geranium, 'Ginger' - Pelargonium x torento (Pelargonium torento) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, ginger Middle English gingere, gingivere, Old English gingifer, Old French gingivre, Medieval Latin gingiber, Latin zingiber, Greek zingiberi, Pali singivera, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about two feet high. It has lobed and cut ginger-scented leaves and bears clusters of small rose flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. At least one cultivar exists. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: Ginger-scented Pelargonium.

Geranium, 'Lady Plymouth' - a cultivar of the Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, lady + plymouth ]. This is a cultivated variety of the Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial flowering plant is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about three feet high. It has cream-blotched deeply-divided finely-cut gray-green leaves with a rose-mint scent. It bears clusters of small lavender flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Several cultivars exist. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America.. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other names: Geranium, Pelargonium, Rose Geranium, Rose-scented Geranium, Rose-scented Pelargonium, Scented Geranium.

Geranium, 'Lemon Balm' - a hybrid: Pelargonium x melissinum (Pelargonium melissinum) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, lemon Middle English lymon, Middle French limon, Arabic laymun, laimon, Persian limun + balm balm Middle English baume, basme, Old French basme, Latin balsamum, balsam, Greek balsamon, compare: Hebrew basam, Arabic basam, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about three feet high. It has lobed and cut lemon balm-scented leaves and bears clusters of small whitish flowers with purple markings. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. It may be a cross between Lemon Geranium (Pelargonium crispum) and Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveloens). Native to South Africa. At least one cultivar exists. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name:-

Geranium, 'Lime' - a hybrid: (Pelargonium x nervosum) (Pelargonium nervosum) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, lime French lime, Provencal limo, Arabic limah, lime, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about two feet high. It has lobed and cut rounded ruffled lime-scented leaves and bears clusters small pink-lavender flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. At least one cultivar exists. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other name: Ginger Geranium.

Geranium, 'Prince of Orange' - a hybrid: Pelargonium x citrosum - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, prince Middle English prince, Old French prince, Latin princeps, first, chief, prince, leader, initiator, first in rank, sovereign, ruler + of Middle English of, off, Old English of, variation of af, aef, away (from), compare: Old High German aba, off, away + orange Old French orange, orenge, Provencal auranja, Spanish naranja, Arabic naranj, Persian narang, Sanskrit naranga, orange, orange tree, so named for the scent of its leaves].

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about two feet high. It has toothed lobed rounded dark gray-green orange-scented leaves and in the spring bears clusters of small mauve flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Modern assertion and sale of plant as a mosquito repellent: no scientific proof offered to date on this. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other names: Citrosa Geranium, The Mosquito Plant.

Geranium, 'Prince Rupert' - a cultivated variety of the Lemon Geranium ( Pelargonium crispum) - family: Geraniaceae (Geranium Family).

[Etymology: geranium Latin geranium, Greek geranion, a plant, crane's bill, or "small crane" from the fruit resembling a crane's bill, diminutive of geranos, crane, prince + rupert, ].This is a cultivated variety of the Lemon Geranium.

This traditional ornamental sweet-smelling evergreen perennial is often seen gracing window boxes. It grows to about three feet high. It has very tiny slighly-lobed curled toothed fan-shaped lemon-scented leaves.In the spring, summer and fall it bears clusters of small pink-to-violet flowers. Small curly-tailed brownish seeds follow the flowers. Traditional and modern folk use of edible leaves as a flavoring in jellies and in herbal teas. Native to South Africa. Cultivated as an ornamental in North America. At least three cultivars exist. Best cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 10-11 in North America. Propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Other names: Finger Bowl Pelargonium, Lemon-scented Pelargonium.

References:.

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